Knowledge

What Is Breast Cancer? Everything You Need to Know

Written by B. Tchang | Jun 5, 2025 2:19:18 PM

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide, but what is breast cancer exactly? How does it develop, and what are the early warning signs to look out for? This article offers a comprehensive overview to help you understand the fundamentals of this widespread disease.

What Is Breast Cancer?

To answer the question what breast cancer is, we need to understand how abnormal cells in the breast can form tumors. Breast cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the breast grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. While many breast tumors are benign (non-cancerous), malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. Although breast cancer is more common in women, it can also affect men.

There are several types of breast cancer. The most common include:

  • Ductal carcinoma, which begins in the milk ducts
  • Lobular carcinoma, which starts in the milk-producing glands
  • Triple-negative and inflammatory breast cancer, which are rare but tend to be more aggressive and harder to treat

Understanding the type of breast cancer is important for determining the best course of treatment.

How Does Breast Cancer Develop?

Breast cancer typically begins with mutations in the DNA of breast cells. These genetic changes lead to uncontrolled cell division, causing a tumor to form. Over time, these cancer cells may invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. The disease progresses through various stages, from Stage 0 (non-invasive) to Stage IV (metastatic), depending on tumor size, lymph node involvement, and whether the cancer has spread to distant organs.

Risk Factors for Breast Cancer

While exploring what breast cancer is, it’s important to also understand the risk factors that contribute to its development. Multiple factors can increase the risk of developing breast cancer:

  • Gender: Women are at significantly higher risk than men.
  • Age: Risk increases with age, especially after 50.
  • Genetics: Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes greatly elevate the risk.
  • Family history: A close relative with breast cancer increases personal risk.
  • Hormonal factors: Long-term exposure to estrogen, such as from hormone replacement therapy, may increase risk.

Common Symptoms of Breast Cancer

Early symptoms of breast cancer may be subtle or even unnoticeable, which is why regular screening is essential. Common signs include:

  • A lump or thickening in the breast or underarm
  • Swelling of part or all of the breast
  • Nipple discharge, which may be bloody
  • Inversion or retraction of the nipple
  • Skin dimpling or puckering
  • Redness or flaky skin on the breast or nipple
  • Persistent pain in the breast or nipple area
  • A change in the shape or size of the breast
  • A rash around the nipple

Important: These symptoms are not always caused by cancer and can be linked to other conditions. However, any unusual changes should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

How Is Breast Cancer Diagnosed?

Diagnosis typically begins when symptoms are noticed or an abnormality is found during a routine screening. Common diagnostic steps include:

  • Clinical breast examination by a doctor
  • Imaging tests such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI
  • Biopsy, where a tissue sample is removed and examined under a microscope

These tests determine whether cancer is present, what type it is, its grade (how abnormal the cells look), and its hormone receptor status. Getting an accurate diagnosis is a critical part of understanding what breast cancer is and how to treat it effectively.

Can Breast Cancer Be Treated?

Yes. Breast cancer is often treatable, particularly when caught early. Treatment plans are tailored to each patient and may include:

  • Surgery: Either a lumpectomy (removing the tumor) or mastectomy (removing the entire breast)

Note: The Pintuition Marker® Surgical Marker System, developed by Sirius Medical, enables precise localization of the tumor using a small, non-radioactive surgical marker. This allows for accurate and efficient removal during surgery.

  • Radiation therapy, often used after surgery
  • Chemotherapy, particularly for more aggressive or advanced cancers
  • Hormone therapy, which blocks the effects of estrogen
  • Targeted therapy, designed to attack specific cancer cells
  • Immunotherapy, which helps the body’s immune system fight the cancer

The type and stage of breast cancer, along with the patient’s overall health and preferences, influence treatment choices. Early detection greatly improves survival rates.

Regular Self-Exams and Screening Save Lives

Early detection remains one of the most effective strategies for beating breast cancer. Women are encouraged to perform regular self-examinations and attend routine screenings like mammograms, especially from the age of 40 or earlier if there is a higher risk due to family history.

Tip: If you notice any changes in your breasts, contact your general practitioner promptly. Never wait and see.

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Disclaimer

This article is intended for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. While Sirius Medical is dedicated to improving breast cancer treatment through innovative localization technology, we do not provide medical diagnoses or treatment recommendations. If you experience any symptoms or changes in your breast health, consult a qualified healthcare professional promptly. Early medical evaluation is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Always seek professional guidance for concerns regarding your health.